Similarities and differences between Democracy and Dictatorship

Similarities and differences between Democracy and Dictatorship Introduction The world is home to diverse systems of governance. Different countries are governed differently due to a variety of reasons, mostly depending on their geographical location, political affiliations, and religious background to a lesser extent. Democracy is the most favored system of governance while dictatorship is loathed by many. This paper seeks to compare and contrast democracy and dictatorship as systems of governance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Similarities and differences between Democracy and Dictatorship specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Description of democracy and dictatorship Democracy is often described as a form of â€Å"governance in which all the adult citizens of a given country have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives† (Diamond and Marc 168). This implies that the citizens have a way of participating in the formation of the rules and laws by which they are g overned. Democratic principles may encompass cultural, economic and other social practices that encourage free and fair competition, particularly in the political arena (Diamond and Marc 168). On the other hand, dictatorship can be defined as a form of government that is controlled by an individual or a small collection of individuals. Power is concentrated around the individual or the small group of people and is often obtained through force or inheritance (Bueno, Alastair and Morrow 15). Similarities between democracy and dictatorship There are very few similarities between democracy and dictatorship. Both can be identified as forms of governance. Democratic and dictatorial regimes both vest their authority in one person or a few individuals. Both types of government can be effective or infective depending on several factors that may involve the particular individual holding the executive authority. A dictatorship is generally a poor form or governance. However, democracy can also be weak if it’s often locked in disagreements. It’s usually believed that there are no true democracies as most of them typically carry some aspects of dictatorship. Both systems are designed to effectively control the people only that in democracies people think that the ruling elite has their consent to rule (Diamond and Marc 168). Differences between democracy and dictatorship Democracy and dictatorship differ in many ways. The differences mainly pertain to the concept of governance and the methodology applied (Bueno, Alastair and Morrow 132). A dictator exercises absolute power and often formulates laws that are meant to suppress competition. On the other hand, the choice to create the rules of governance and other regulations is usually made by the people. In democracies, people are given a chance to choose what works best for them. Decisions are arrived at through a consultative process where everyone is allowed to provide his/her views. In a dictatorship, an in dividual or a small group of influential persons make choices on behalf of the people.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The laws that govern the rights of people and the economy are framed for the people in a dictatorship (Bueno, Alastair and Morrow 57). On the hand, democracies give people the power to make laws. The freedoms and rights of citizens, media, civil society, and other organizations are often curtailed in dictatorial systems of governance. People are often not allowed to say what they think is right for them. In democracies, citizens, media, civil society, and other organizations are usually free to initiate any meaningful change. Conclusion This paper sought to identify the similarities and differences between democracy and dictatorship. Both have been identified as systems of governance which have very few similarities unless the principles of democracy are compromised to bring in some elements of dictatorship. However, the two are different in several ways that mainly relate to the rights and freedoms of citizens and the concentration of power. Bueno, Mesquita, Smith Alastair and James Morrow. The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003. Diamond, Larry and Plattner Marc. Electoral Systems and Democracy. Baltimore: John Hopkins University, 2006.

Steelband Music in Trinidad and Tobago Research Paper - 1

Steelband Music in Trinidad and Tobago - Research Paper Example Music of a particular region and era contains vital information about the thoughts and beliefs of its people. Drumming is considered an integral part of culture of Trinidad and Tobago. Located off the south eastern coast of North America close to the Bahamas in the Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago’s musical history dates back to the years of its rule by the British and Spaniards. Music was used as a channel of self expression and a means of social and intellectual liberation. The history of Trinidad and Tobago has seen colonisation by the British and the Europeans. This is quite evident in the demographic mix of races, religions and communities of people. Music is deeply associated with caste, colour and race as at some point or the other people from different backgrounds have alternate ways of thinking and applying music. The country’s population consists of Christians (50%), Hindus (25%) and mixed races (Europeans, Whites etc.). Half of the population are Trinidadians, the rest are Afro-Trinidadians (African in origin) and the remaining are of mixed origin (Aho 20). The music world has seen extensive use of percussive elements in compositions from around the world. Amongst the genres of music that rely on heavy usage of percussion are Reggae, Hip Hop, Rap, Native Caribbean Folk Music and Latin American Music. The emphasis on rhythm and percussive elements in musical compositions and performances is a trademark of music from the Latin American, Caribbean and European regions. Trinidad and Tobago’s music history also has the roots of percussion dominance in music embedded in the culture and tradition. The steel drum has its origin in the economically backward areas of the capital city: Port of Spain. The steel drums that we know today had its origins in the capital city and were made by young men with basic education, hailing from underprivileged families. The

Financial Analysis for Managers Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Financial Analysis for Managers - Case Study Example Wal-Mart registers nearly $20,000 profit every minute of every day. Last fiscal year, Wal-Mart recorded profits of $10.3 billion. For comparison, Target's profit per minute is $6,084. To say Wal-Mart is a money-making machine would be an understatement. The calculations given as Appendices A, B and C are based on Wal-Mart and Target's past four years annual data from the 10K and Hoovers. Some are calculated by author as well. (Dollars are listed in thousands). Net Profit Margin is an indication of how effective a company is at cost control. The higher the net profit, the more effective the company is at converting revenue into actual profit. Target has greatly improved on this number over the last few years and reached the high number of 3.8 in 2002 from its low of 3.4 in 1999. In comparison to Wal-Mart, it has outperformed it during this period. Operating Profit Margin shows how effective a company controls its cost and expenses associated with the normal business operations. Target's OPM remained consistent from 1999 to 2001 and improved from 2001 to 2002 due to the stronger supplier relationships, restructuring of stores and more effective inventory management. Wal-Mart remained below during the entire period. It has large overhead costs to maintain its many stores. Return on Assets determi... (c). Return on Assets Net Income + Interest Return on Assets = Average Total Assets Return on Assets determines how many dollars of profits can be achieved for each dollar of assets under control. Target's return on assets ranges between $8 to $9 which is compareable to Wal-Mart's ranges. (d). Return on Equity Net Income Return on Equity = Average Equity Return on Equity is one of the most important profitability measures. ROE reveals how much a company earned in comparison to the total amount of the shareholder equity found on the balance sheet. ROE encompasses the three main levers by which the management can better the corporation. These levers are profitability. Asset management and financial leverage. Again although Wal-Mart is ahead of Target during the whole period but the figures are even compareable as walmart ranges from $20 to $23 while Target' figures ranges between $19 to $21. 2. Efficiency ratios of Wal-Mart & Target Efficiency ratios of Wal-Mart & Target are calculated by applying the following formulae. (a). Asset Turnover Ratio SalesAsset Turnover Ratio = Average Total Assets Asset Turnover Ratio measures how efficiently a company uses its average total assets to generate sales. The figures show that Target has gone down in this number over the past four years from a high of 2.054 to 1.665. Sales for Target are not increasing as fast as the number of assets within the corporation. Wal-Mart has outperformed Target in this field as its minimum value was 2.601 in 2000 which is higher than the Target's highest value. (b). Inventory Turnover Ratio Coast of Goods Sold Inventory Turnover Ratio = Average Inventory Inventory Turnover Ratio measures the number of times that

What Is Peer Pressure Health And Social Care Essay

What Is Peer Pressure Health And Social Care Essay Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder that causes people to obsess with their weight gain. People with anorexia limit the amount of food they eat drastically and can become extremely thin. A person with anorexia sees themselves as an obese individual even if they are skinny. Anorexia nervosa is not about the food the person consumes, but it is a way for the individuals to cope with their emotional problems. Although anorexia can occur in both sexes, it is much more common in females rather than males. Anorexia usually affects the teenagers and young adults. If this disorder goes untreated it can lead to serious health problems such as osteoporosis, kidney damage, heart problems, and eventually death. Anorexia nervosa has the highest death rate of any mental illness with five to twenty percent of people who develop the disease die from it. The exact causes of anorexia, like all other eating disorders are unknown but there are factors that could impact it. These factors include; havin g an anxiety disorder as a child, having a negative self-image, having eating disorder as a child, and having certain social ideas about health and beauty. A patient with anorexia attends to maintain a strict control over food intake by counting calories exactly. Some may enjoy cooking and serving food but not eating it; they may hide the food and claim that they ate it. Anorexia nervosa can be very difficult to cope with, and early treatment could be effective. The longer this disease goes untreated, the harder it is to eventually overcome.Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that causes people lose more weight than is considered healthy for their age and height. Anorexia commonly affects women between the ages of 13 and 20. Anorexia causes serious health conditions such as osteoporosis, kidney damage, heart problems, and eventually death. About 10 through 15 percent of all people with anorexia will eventually die from physical or mental complications. Early detection is the best way to battle anorexia nervosa; approximately 60 percent of people with anorexia make a full recovery when detected early (Causes of Anorexia). Anorexia is caused by a fear of gaining weight, obesophobia, where the person has to practice unhealthy dieting habits to maintain this fear. A study found that adolescent girls were more fearful of gaining weight than getting cancer, nuclear war or losing their parents (Self Image/Media Influences). Although the causes of anorexia nervosa are unknown, there are many factors that can contribute to anorexia nervosa. An important factor that affects anorexia is social pressure, whether it is by peers or the media. Most female teenagers will develop anorexia nervosa because of body images portrayed by the media and peer pressure. Peer Pressure What is Peer Pressure? Peer pressure is influence from a members peer group. Whether it is by a boyfriend, peer, coworker, or sibling. When people receive criticism they are at increased risk of a number of mental health issues, including poor body image and eating disorders. Troubling behaviors range from a dirty look when taking a second helping of food at the dinner table to persistent weight-related bullying by ones peers (Ross, 2012). How does Peer Pressure affect anorexia? Peer pressure can also impact teens into becoming anorexic. Bullying is the most common type of peer pressure. Someone may make remarks about another persons body image or weight and that causes that person to feel dissatisfied with their body. This in turn causes the person to practice unhealthy dieting. This is very common among teens who are constantly being judge based on their looks. In movies, particularly, but also in television shows and the accompanying commercials, womens and girls appearance is frequently commented on: 58 percent of female characters in movies had comments made about their looks, as did 28 percent in television shows and 26 percent of the female models in the accompanying commercials (Body Image Nutrition). Peer pressure has a major impact on how we look at ourselves; it can alter our behavior and cause us to practice unhealthy ones. Media Portrayal What is Media? The media is an important aspect of our daily lives. Media is all around us: it includes Television sets, billboards, magazines, newspapers, and the Internet. Media also includes social networking sites which most teens nowadays are engaged in. About 95 percent of people own a TV set and watch for an average of 3-4 hours per day. By the end of the last century 50 percent of women read a newspaper each day and nearly half of all girls, from the age of 7 read a girls magazine each week (Jade, 2009). Media is also used to target certain age groups to buy a specific product. In this case media targets teen girls to sell beauty products. During shows that are watched mostly by teen girls 56 percent of commercials are about beauty as a product appeal. Also one in three articles in leading teen magazines contain 50 percent of advertisements focus on appearance. It is everywhere we turn and we face it every day of our lives. How does Media affect anorexia nervosa? Everywhere we turn we see models that are extremely underweight. These models are considered the ideal image of beauty. An average US woman is 54 tall weighing about 140 pounds while the average US model is 511 and weigh about 117 pounds (Health Wellness Article, 2000). When teens see these models they desperately want to be like them. According to a study in Pediatrics, about two-thirds of girls in the 5th to 12th grades said that magazine images influence their vision of an ideal body, and about half of the girls said the images made them want to lose weight. Teens become dissatisfied with their bodies; this can explain why 80 percent of US women do not like how they look (Ross, 2012). On a study done with thirteen year olds found that 53 percent of American girls are unhappy with their bodies, these increases to 78 percent by the time these girls reach the age of seventeen (Body Image Nutrition). This in turn causes them to become obsess with their weight to match that of the models they see each day. In a survey done by the National Heart, Lung and Blood institute found that 40 percent of girls 9 and 10 years old have tried to lose weight. According to statistics from the National Eating Disorders Association, by the time they reach college, 92 percent of young women have tried to control weight through dieting, and 22 percent often or always diet (Health Wellness Article, 2000). Gradually these teens develop a drastic fear of gaining weight. References A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. ( 2012, February 13). Retrieved from Pubmed Health: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001401/ Health Wellness Article. (2000, July 5). Retrieved from Tree: http://www.tree.com/health/eating-disorders-anorexia-causes.aspx Anorexia Nervosa Health center. (2011, August 25). Retrieved from WebMD: http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/anorexia-nervosa/anorexia-nervosa-topic-overview Body Image Nutrition. (n.d.). Retrieved 1 20, 2013, from Teen Health and the Media: http://depts.washington.edu/thmedia/view.cgi?section=bodyimagepage=fastfacts Causes of Anorexia. (n.d.). Retrieved January 20, 2013, from Eating Disorders mirror mirror: http://www.mirror-mirror.org/causes-of-anorexia.htm Cemanovic, M. (2006, December 18). The Effects of Media on the Skinny Side of Eating Disorders. Retrieved from Ezine @rticles: http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Effects-of-Media-on-the-Skinny-Side-of-Eating-Disordersid=390528 Gould, B. E., Dyer, R. M. (2011). Pathophysiology for the Health Professions. In B. E. Gould, R. M. Dyer, Pathophysiology for the Health Professions (pp. 420-421). Jeanne Olson. Inge, C. (2010, July 29). Peer Pressure: Eating Disorders. Retrieved from Examiner.com: http://www.examiner.com/article/peer-pressure-eating-disorders Jade, D. (2009). THE MEDIA AND EATING DISORDERS. Retrieved from National Centre for Eating Disorders: http://www.eating-disorders.org.uk/media-and-eating-disorders.html Ross, C. C. (2012, June 1). World of Psychology. Retrieved from PsychCentral: http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2012/06/02/why-do-women-hate-their-bodies/ Self Image/Media Influences. (n.d.). Retrieved from Just Say YES: http://www.justsayyes.org/topics/self-image-media-influences/ Staff, M. C. (2012, January 5). Anorexia nervosa. Retrieved from Mayo Clinic: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/anorexia/DS00606

First Amendment Issues: Prayer In Public School Essay

Inclusion of prayer in modern American school schedule has been a controversial and highly debated issue during last several decades. When tragedy of the Columbine High School in 1999 occurred, in which twelve students and one teacher died, the issue of moral education and role of religion in the life of public education has been brought to an entirely different level. Right after the tragedy, The Wall Street Journal’s editorial page was alive with debate over an article written by syndicated columnist, Peggy Noonan. Writing about the â€Å"culture of death† of which the two shooters, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, were a product, she observes: â€Å"A man called into a Christian radio station this morning and said a true thing. He said, and I am paraphrasing: those kids were sick, and if a teacher had talked to them and said, â€Å"listen, there’s a way out, there really is love out there that will never stop loving you, there’s a real God out there and I want to be able to talk to you about him†Ã¢â‚¬â€if that teacher had intervened in that way, he would have been hauled into court† (Noonan, A19). Peggy Noonan agreed with the man’s observation and went on to write: â€Å"It occurs to me at the moment that a gun and a Bible have a few things in common. Both are small, black, have an immediate heft and are dangerous—the first to life, and the second to the culture of death† (Noonan, A19). The next day Peggy Noonan’s article was published , a reader by the name of Bill Bailey responded to Ms. Noonan’s editorial. In his letter to the editor, he commented: â€Å"I send my children to public school to learn reading, writing, and arithmetic. I do not send them to school to be lectured on the virtues of believing in a personal God†¦. Teachers have no business lecturing my children on the virtues of religion (Bailey, A19). One can conclude that prayer in school represent an important and pressing problem for contemporary America, not only from socio-cultural and public perspective but also from legal one. CASE ANALYSIS Case scenario #3 relates to the legal problems emerging from the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. According to it, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances† (First Amendment). In this way, any establishment or preference by the Congress or any other state authority of a national, state or local religion over another is prohibited. Same legal principle applies to the preference or establishment of non-religion over religion. According to the case scenario, Johnny, who is an atheist, objects the morning prayer held in the public high school he is attending as well as a prayer at his graduation. Assuming the dispute reaches the US Supreme Court, the decision will be make in the favor of Johnny and his parents on the both issues of dispute – morning prayer and prayer at graduation. The detailed analysis is provided below and is based on the First Amendment to the US Constitution, as well as US Supreme Court cases, particularly, Engel v. Vitale, Abington Township School District v. Schempp, Wallace v. Jaffree During Engel v. Vitale hearings, in a six to one vote, with two Justices removing themselves from the case, the Court declared the Regents’ Prayer unconstitutional for violating the First Amendment’s establishment clause, â€Å"because that prayer was composed by governmental officials as a part of governmental program to further religious beliefs (Engel v. Vitale, 370 US 421, 1962). Hugo Black delivered the majority opinion, which expressly rejected the district’s claims that that it met constitutional standards because the prayer was denominationally neutral and had a clear opt-out policy for students. According to Black, the establishment clause â€Å"is violated by the enactment of laws which establish an official religion whether those laws operate directly to coerce nonobserving individuals or not† (Engel v. Vitale, 370 US 421, 1962). From this perspective, judgments that led to decisions made in Engel v. Vitale can be applied to the dispute between Johnny and his parents and Tree Stump High School, both regarding morning school prayer and prayer at graduation. By this logic, within the schoolhouse, school officials must protect the balance of freedom that the First Amendment allows concerning religious expression. They must protect the freedom of each student who wishes to speak out about matters of religion and protect those who prefer to say nothing at all about religion. Schools must not sponsor religious activities or express any opinion for or against a student who personally expresses a religious belief. Issues and the US Supreme Court logic emerged from Abington Township School District v. Schempp case also serve in favor of Johnny and his parents. The Schempp’s brief explained the opt-out policy gave the child a difficult choice â€Å"between an impulse to obey the parents’ wishes and the pressure to conform to his group. If the child yields to this pressure, the result is disobedience, a loss of respect for the parent and interference with the parent’s right to control in matters of religion. On the other hand, if the child obeys the parent, he suffers a loss of standing in his group† (Abington Township School District v. Schempp, 374 US 230, 1963). This statement reflects the situation Johnny found himself moving with his family to Tree Stump from Providence. Johnny is coming from family advocating atheistic beliefs, and that fact he moved into a very religious community should not violate his rights guaranteed by the US Constitution and make him adapt or loose â€Å"standing with his group. † According to the Abington brief the district’s statute â€Å"requires only that those who wish to do so may listen to daily readings without discussion or comment from a great work that possesses many values, including religious, moral, literary and historical† (Abington Township School District v. Schempp, 374 US 230, 1963), They warned that a finding against the districts would set a dangerous precedent â€Å"whereby there could be eliminated from the public life of this nation all those customs and traditions that evidence the religious nature and origin of our country and are now and have long been cherished and accepted by a vast majority of the people† (Abington Township School District v. Schempp, 374 US 230, 1963). The presence of the opt-out policy sufficiently protected individuals’ religious rights and therefore, they saw no need for the Court to infringe upon America’s religious traditions. The position of Abington School District probably reflects the judgment of Tree Stump High School. However, as with Engel, the Supreme Court rejected the school districts’ arguments and by a vote of eight to one struck down all state laws mandating Bible readings. Justice Tom Clark focused on numerous judicial opinions, including Engel, in which the Court held that the government must remain neutral toward religion. Clark argued that not only did the establishment clause require such neutrality, but so too did the free exercise clause, which recognized â€Å"the right of every person to freely choose his own course with reference thereto, free of any compulsion from the state† (Abington Township School District v. Schempp, 374 US 230, 1963). The US Supreme Court judgment in Abington Township School District v. Schempp favors the position of Johnny and his parents. Assuming high school graduation event was held outside the Tree Stump High School boundaries, the graduation prayer issue would not be regulated with rulings made in Abington Township School District v. Schempp and typical cases. The First Amendment protects a student’s right to express the faith without discrimination. It also forbids anyone from having a captive audience or forcing anyone to participate in any type of religious activities. Case Wallace v. Jaffree involved an Alabama state law that directed public schools to provide a moment of silence for meditation or voluntary prayer. A previous Alabama law mandated a moment of silence just for meditation, but in 1981 the legislature expanded the statute to include voluntary prayer. The Court determined that the clear intent of the law was to promote religion, and thus it must be invalidated. In striking down the Alabama law, the Supreme Court did not say that all â€Å"moment of silence† must be invalidated, but rather, the Court suggested that only those laws that either included clauses about prayers or whose legislative intent clearly called for a promotion of religion would be unconstitutional. According to the US Supreme Court ruling, â€Å"the State’s endorsement†¦of prayer activities at the beginning of each schoolday is not consistent with the established principle that the government must pursue a course of complete neutrality toward religion† (Wallace v. Jaffree 472 US 38, 1985). By this logic, the Supreme Court decision favors once again Johnny and his parents. At the same time, Johnny’s teacher offer to replace a morning school prayer with a moment of silence does not contradict neither the First Amendment to the US Constitution nor the Supreme Court rulings, as long as prayer and religion are not endorsed during it. WORKS CITED The First Amendment to the US Constitution, Available at , Accessed June 16, 2009 Noonan P. The Culture of Death,† The Wall Street Journal. 22 April 1999, A19. Bailey B. Don’t Blame Shooting on ‘Absent’ God, † † The Wall Street Journal. 28 April 1999, A 19 Engel v. Vitale, 370 US 421, 1962, Available at < http://caselaw. lp. findlaw. com/scripts/getcase. pl? court=US&vol=370&invol=421>, Accessed June 16, 2009 Abington Township School District v. Schempp, 374 US 230, 1963, Available at < http://caselaw. lp. findlaw. com/scripts/getcase. pl? court=US&vol=374&invol=203>, Accessed June 16, 2009 Wallace v. Jaffree 472 US 38, 1985, Available at < http://caselaw. lp. findlaw. com/scripts/getcase. pl? court=US&vol=472&invol=38>, Accessed June 16, 2009

Handle Information in Health and Social Care Setting

CU2470 Handle information in Health and Social care settings 1. 1 The legislation that relates to recording storage and sharing of information known as care plans is the Data Protection Act 1998. There are 8 principles to be followed when gathering data 1) processed fairly and lawfully 2) processed only for 1 or more lawful purpose 3) adequate and relevant 4) accurate and up to date 5) kept for no longer than necessary 6) processed in line with the right of the individual 7) secured against loss or damage 8) not transferred to countries out of EEA. . 2 It is important to have secure systems for recording and storing information to prevent personal information from being misused. Any information that has been gathered is confidential but written evidence may be required by other professionals on occasions. Also if new staff members arrive they can read the care plans to gain all the information needed. 2. 1 I would follow my company’s policies and procedures for guidance and ad vice about handling information but would also speak to my directors or Human resources office.Information can also be gained from government websites for advice or other professionals. 2. 2 If there are concerns over the recording storing or sharing of information i would document and report my concerns and secure all the information immediately. 3. 1 Agreed ways of working relates to the company’s and government policies in relation to Care Plans. All documents should be evaluated and reviewed regularly, updated as required, completed and legible so others are able to decipher them. 3. 2 Agreed ways of working when ) Recording information; would be to follow the company’s and government policies to ensure all information gathered is accurate, legible, complete and confidential. b) Storing information; all information that is gathered should be stored in locked filing cabinets that are only accessible to the persons requiring access to information. c) Sharing informat ion; Company and government policies need to be followed with regard to sharing information to prevent fraudulent use and confidential information being disclosed inappropriately. Data protection codes should be adhered to at all times.

The Cost Of Smoking Cigarettes - 1833 Words

British smokers are costing the (National Health Service) NHS  £5 billion per year,  £1.4 billion in sick leave as well as 60,000 innocent non-smokers’ lives. However, in 2013 around  £1.2 billion was accrued through taxation of total tobacco revenue in the UK. In less economically developed countries like Malawi in South-East of Africa, tobacco sales are pivotal in generating more than half of the money they earned from exports, $165 million. So, would we be doing more harm than good by banning the smoking of cigarettes? When investigating the true cost of smoking cigarettes there is an overwhelming amount of research into the multiple effects smoking has on health. The smoke inhaled when smoking a cigarette contains 4,000 compounds which often leave toxic traces in the lungs and other organs. This is one of the biggest contributing factors as to why smokers visit the GP and hospital more often, have lower survival rate after surgery and take longer to heal wounds compared with non-smokers. The inhalation of the smoke is also known to cause around 60 carcinogens, which can harm every organ in the body, especially the heart. Cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease make up 10% of all heart related diseases caused by smoking. The tobacco smoke inhaled can seriously damage blood vessels increasing your chance of developing atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is caused by a thick substance called plaque which accumulates in the coronary arteries. AsShow MoreRelatedEssay on Th e Costs of Cigarette Smoking.888 Words   |  4 PagesThe Costs of Cigarette Smoking Cigarette smoking causes a variety of life threatening diseases, including lung cancer, emphysema, and heart disease. In the UK about 120,000 people die each year due to smoking. 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