Essay --

Sam Borkin History 212 Vance Life of the Jazz Age Numerous things changed after the Civil War. Counting industrialization, development of urban communities, and ladies and kids additionally won more opportunity than from previously. Most importantly the city supplanted the wide open as the point of convergence of American life during the 1920s. Populace of America changed. It developed quickly. The current registration at the time uncovered that the greater part of America's populace lived in urban communities and still kept on developing. Urban areas with a populace of 250,000 individuals added almost 8,000,000 individuals to their populaces. New York City developed by 25%. Somewhere in the range of 1920 and 1930 Detroit multiplied their populace too. Metropolitan regions developed quickly as whites and blacks poured in searching for openings for work in the new purchaser industry. The Skyscraper before long turned into the most noticeable element of the city. Since confronted with expanded land costs manufacturers chose to assemble upward. Nobody realized that they would be building up an American symbol for urban communities. In the city life was unique. The old network of home, church, and school were missing, however there were significant additions to supplant them. A few people got lost and forlorn without the old establishments and many flourished with the new urban condition. Like I said the scene and industrialization weren't the main significant changes, yet the family did also. Before ladies and youngsters didn't have as much opportunity, however now in the new urban culture opportunity appeared to develop. During the 1920s there was no perpetual addition in the quantity of working ladies. 2 million a bigger number of ladies were utilized in 1930 than they were in 1920. Most ladies had low paying employments running from transcribers to house keepers. In 1920 ladies had picked up the option to cast a ballot, however t... ...f the twenties. Before the decade's over vehicles were fundamentally necessities. For each street there was a one vehicle for each five Americans. Because of the enormous flood of strength in the vehicle business numerous organizations that were associated with cars turned out to be extremely well known. These organizations or administrations were service stations or inns. They were there to address the issues of the drivers.7 With everything taken into account the Roaring Twenties was brimming with a wide range of things. Some were terrible some were acceptable. In spite of the fact that a portion of the awful things are still around today the beneficial things that occurred in the twenties assistance formed America to what it is today. The unrest for some, individuals had shown a thing or two for the individuals of today’s time. This was particularly so when discussing the Great Depression. You can be down in your karma, however simply recall there are consistently positives to accompany each negative.

Essay On Cameron Auto Parts Example For Students

Paper On Cameron Auto Parts The APT took into consideration tax unhindered commerce between the Big Three American automakers and parts providers and manufacturing plants in the two nations. The one admonition in the APT to meet all requirements for the zero-tax exchange was that organizations must keep up get together offices on the two sides Of the outskirt. Cameron Auto Parts explicitly produced unique gear parts (MEMO, for example, little motor parts and embellishments dependent on structure specs made by the Auto makers and afterward offered these parts to the automobile creators. Alex Cameron steered in 2001 and was promptly confronted with a monetary emergency. Deals in 2000 had dropped to $48 million and were just $18 million for the initial a half year of 2001 Cameron lost $2. 5 million out of 2000 and a similar sum in the initial a half year of 2001. This decrease was essentially due to declining automobile deals of American vehicles and trucks and the expanded nearness of Japanese automakers. Market powers were driving the American firms to tint approaches to cut drunkards and modernize plants. Cameron utilized 510 million of its $12 million credit line to reinvest once more into the firm by modernizing gear and PC helped structure and assembling frameworks. In any case, Cameron didn't have its own structure building group and depended on specs from the Big Three automakers for its items This left Alex Cameron with an uncomfortable inclination that venture into item configuration was basic for the drawn out endurance of the firm. In mid-2001, Cameron made the strides important to structure and build up its own parts line. Cameron recruited four structure engineers and, by 2003, thought of an adaptable pulling thought that would tempt global purchasers and not simply the Big Three automakers. Cameron was then confronted with the predicament of how to market and sell the item. Anticipated deals Of the new item in 2004 were somewhere in the range of $35 and $40 million which was astounding yet they werent sure they had the ability to deal with the creation. They expected to choose if it was smarter to extend current offices, purchase, assemble another office, or permit the creation of the item to outside organizations. While on an excursion outing to Scotland, Alex went to monitor a neighborhood client, McGrath Supplies, Ltd, who persuaded him that the adaptable pulling item was sought after in the U. K. What's more, that more creation was important to stay aware of the interest. Alex chose at that gathering that Cameron would solely permit the creation tooth adaptable coupling to McGrath so as to increase a more grounded decent footing in the ILK, for generally little forthcoming venture. I _ Should Cameron have authorized McGrath or kept on trading? Cameron Auto Parts should permit to McGrath in the ASK. It was one of Cameramans key objectives to enter outside business sectors and the permitting concurrence with McGrath old be a quick method to start executing this business sweater. McGrath was in a better situation than enter the LLC. K_ advertise because of a decent social understanding and closeness to potential customers. When this business course of action was demonstrated effective, Cameron Auto Parts would have the option to shape comparable concurrences with different organizations and extend to other remote markets. McGrath is an astounding licensee, as they are a respectable organization in the U. K. With brilliant credit, cost sparing assembling rehearses, great market contacts, and 130 years of administration in the business. They are likewise accepting most f the money related hazard by paying Cameron Auto Parts the startup costs just as a level of deals. Leaving on an authorizing system would likewise take out the restrictive expense of creating and keeping up a business power in an outside nation that presumable wouldnt proceed just as a nearby organization like McGrath since clients had social ties and existing associations with them. Bronwyn Donaghy about the realities and results of young sex EssayThis would include devoting a specific measure of creation floor space to a market that is socially and geologically far off and capricious. There is hazard required as the creation space ties up income and isn't sure to deliver benefit. Travel cost would be brought about as organization agents would need to venture out regularly to the U. K. So as to determine issues or sell items. The business side cost would be higher too. More sales reps would need to be utilized to that locale. They would either need to travel frequently or be based there and paid in pounds, which are right now more grounded than the dollar. Rather than accepting a check from one contact that speaks to all deals for the entire territory, Cameron would need to keep up associations with different clients, which requires customized consideration regarding ACH and opens him to performing assortments and discount awful obligation Since unit creation costs were evaluated to decrease as yearly deals moved from $20 million to million and Andy felt that the $20 million imprint was effectively reachable in the coming year, the proceeded with benefit of sending out to Europe would have developed alongside the European market. Taking a gander at the estimating list, we can see that bringing in to Europe brings about an expense of 113 to the shipper. Since Cameron Auto Parts sell the adaptable couplings at a similar cost to residential and outside merchants, authorizing is a successful system to beseech the European market While taking out import and Other calculated expenses. Cameron Auto Parts would profit most from a permitting concurrence with McGrath Supplies Ltd. Different alternatives exist other than sending out or authorizing, for example, a joint endeavor/completely possessed auxiliary, selling through an operator, or selling through a wholesaler. Advantages to these techniques incorporate decreased assembling cost, higher deals volume, and better market infiltration and now and again shared hazard. The disadvantages to these techniques incorporate loss of value control, capricious deals volume, and loss of benefits. Sick Case Update Cameron Auto Parts delighted in fast development during the 2004-2005. In 2004, the organization embraced a significant plant extension for SIS million, adding 200,000 square feet to the compacts creation limit. Sovereignties from McGrath during the principal year of the permitting understanding were EYE,OHO; this developed to and OHIO,OHO the next year. High by and large gainfulness left Cameron in a solid budgetary situation in 2006. In 2006, Cameron was given a chance to buy a 40 percent enthusiasm for Misheard Ice. , a family-possessed merchant association in France, Which would permit Cameron to break into the mainland European nations. Cameron consented to the arrangement for $4 million and an eminence of 4 percent on deals of every adaptable coupling. The arrangement maddened McGrath, who had been selling adaptable couplings in Europe and would now contend with Misheard.

5 Proofreading Habits You Should Adopt Immediately

5 Proofreading Habits You Should Adopt Immediately In a blog published on his website Career Talk Pro, writer and consultant Brian Hirth lists a collection of some of the worst résumé typos and faulty word choice examples hes seen. However hilarious they might be to read over in retrospect, the job seekers who submitted these words and phrases in their résumés and cover letters likely didnt find the lost opportunity funny.Here are a few of the most egregious mistakes:i am a prefectionist and rarely if if ever forget details.Proven ability to track down and correct erors.Lurnt Word Perfect computor and spreadsheet pogroms.Develop an annual operating expense fudget.In my 3rd year of BA houners English.Received a plague for salesman of the yearMy role included typing in details of accounts, customer liaison and money-laundering duties.Extra Circular ActivitiesAt secondary school I was a prefixIn my spare time I enjoy hiding my horseDear Madman (instead of Madam)My hobbits includeRestaurant skills: Severing customersIm an accurate an d rabid typistObviously, these mistakes would have never made it into the final draft if the writer had proofread correctly, or had someone else look over their résumé and cover letter before submitting it to a potential employer. In cases like these, Im sure it was very clear to the employers that the applicants didnt want the jobs enough to ensure these mistakes were corrected. Such mistakes look unprofessional and carelessâ€"two qualities that employers avoid in employees.Proofreading your work is not only smartâ€"it can make or break your chances of getting a job, earning a promotion, or completing a degree. As with any skill, developing useful habits can help ensure that any content you submit, both professionally and personally, leaves the best impression.Developing useful proofreading habits can help you achieve professional success. Photo by Brooke Lark on Unsplash.Habit #1: Know your tendenciesDo you often confuse your and youre? Or maybe you have a habit of writing run-o n sentences? Keep these tendencies on a list that is easily visible whenever you sit down to write something.All writers have tendencies toward certain grammar mistakes and syntax errors. These are usually corrected the longer someone writes and works to perfect the craft of it. However, especially if you havent had a lot of experience writingâ€"or if youre learning English as a second languageâ€"knowing your tendencies is a good way to ensure adequate proofreading whenever you write.As you develop this habit, include on your list all of the grammar, spelling, or syntax errors you tend to make. Over time, youll begin to notice patterns you can identify as tendencies in your writing, and work to correct them each time you write. Being aware of the type of mistakes you often make is the first step to becoming a better writer (and proofreader).Habit #2: Print it outAfter youve written something, if you have access to a printer, go ahead and print it out. Proofreading your work after pr inting out a hard copy does several things:It allows you to make corrections directly on the paper for a visual understanding of your error tendencies (see habit #1).It gives your eyes a rest while proofreading, after staring at a screen. According to this article by the American Optometric Association, Computer Vision Syndrome, also referred to as Digital Eye Strain, is a vision-related problem that can happen after prolonged computer, tablet, e-reader and cell phone use. According to the article, to help alleviate digital eye strain, follow the 20-20-20 rule; take a 20-second break to view something 20 feet away every 20 minutes.Heres another great reason to print it out:Viewing a computer or digital screen is different than reading a printed page. Often the letters on the computer or handheld device are not as precise or sharply defined, the level of contrast of the letters to the background is reduced, and the presence of glare and reflections on the screen may make viewing diff icult.Viewing distances and angles used for this type of work are also often different from those commonly used for other reading or writing tasks. As a result, the eye focusing and eye movement requirements for digital screen viewing can place additional demands on the visual system.American Optometric AssociationHabit #3: Find a second pair of eyesSpeaking of eyes, even the most seasoned writers know to have someone else look over their work before it is published. Sometimes, you can write a phrase or word so often that it seems correct, even though it isnt. This is why its always important to make the habit of finding a second pair of eyes to look over your writing.Preferably, this other reader should be a professional editor, especially if your content is extremely important for professional or academic pursuits. As a writer and editor, I would never send in an article to a magazine or a query letter to a publication without first having a fellow editor look over it for me. Ther e have often been small details I missed after writing a piece that another editor will catch upon first reading.Another thing that happens is after you focus so intently on writing something, your brain will often fill in words that arent on the printed page, causing you to miss the word entirely. This happens because youre overthinking the sentence or paragraph. Having another person read over your writing is the best way to catch this kind of mistake.If you cant afford to hire a professional editor, at least consider having someone look over your writing for you. This could be a friend, relative, classmate, or professional acquaintance, and could help you catch a missed error you wouldnt have otherwise seen.Find another person to be a second pair of eyes and catch mistakes you might have missed. Photo by Nonsap Visuals on Unsplash.Habit #4: Read out loudReading your work aloud is a great proofreading habit to adopt, particularly because it helps you hear mistakes you might otherw ise miss when only reading it in your head. If a sentence doesnt sound right when read aloud, youll notice it immediately. Its one of the best habits you can adopt to ensure that everything you write is proofread correctly every single time.According to The Write Practice, reading the words aloud is a proofreading technique that will change your life. Not only does this technique help with grammar, such as knowing where punctuation should go by hearing the pauses that happen, it also helps you catch run-on sentences that leave you out of breath after reading. Reading aloud also helps you find holes in your logic or missing information that needs to be included, along with awkward word placement or repetition. Sometimes, its impossible for me to catch repetitive phrasing or words unless I read my writing aloud first. After doing so, the repetition becomes clear.Habit #5: Give it timeAnother important habit to develop for proofreading is to give it time. Preferably, after youve writte n something, you should sleep on it, meaning put it aside to proofread the next day. Many writers have learned over the years that the best time to write or proofread your writing is first thing in the morningâ€"after that first cup of coffee (if caffeine is your thing) and after youve had a restful nights sleep.If you dont have this much time, at least give yourself a few hours between writing the content and proofreading it. Not only will you be able to proofread betterâ€"youll give your brain the time to reset and prepare for the different processes copyediting requires.Heres the science behind why this is a good idea. The way the brain functions while writing (creating) is different than how it works in the proofreading process. Martin Lotze researched what the brain looked like while writing. Using an fMRI while his subjects were writing, he first had 28 writers copy an excerpt. He then had the same subjects write a short story for three minutes.During the actual writing activi ty, the occipital lobe (responsible for visualization) became more active, as the writers were seeing the scene take place in their minds as they wrote. During this creative process, the hippocampus and front of the brain became active, as factual information and plotline were processed. Expert writers used an additional part of their brainâ€"the caudate nucleus, which is the region of the brain that handles automatic functions.In another study, The Science Behind What Writing Does to Your Brain by Erika Rasso, the writer explored research related to how the writing process differs from the copyediting or proofreading process. She notes:Copyediting is an action involving a complex network of different cognitive process to do. The basic building blocks of this complex network are attention and memory… Retrieval from both short-term and long-term memory are required to hold the information the copyeditor is reading in their head and to reference knowledge of grammar, style and other parts of the manuscript.The Science Behind What Writing Does to Your Brain by Erika RassoAs you can see, taking time between the two processes (writing and proofreading) gives your brain the opportunity to switch gears. This is an important step to ensuring youre able to proofread while your brain is at optimal performance.Developing important habits for proofreading will help save you from embarrassing errors and any unprofessional faux pas. Learn them now and youll find that you make fewer errors the more you practice.

Eukaryotic Cells And Its Functions - 978 Words

â€Å"Eukaryotic cells are complex and include all animal and plant cells. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler, e.g. Bacteria† - (AQA 2008) Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, whereas prokaryotic cells do not contain these. Although both of these cells contain DNA, only eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus. The nucleus is the largest organelle, surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear envelope) containing lots of pores. The nuclear membrane protects contents of the nucleus and controls the transport of substances in and out. The nucleus contains linear DNA in chromatin which protects the DNA from damage. Chromatin is formed of DNA which controls the activities of the cell. The nucleus often contains a structure called the nucleolus. This structure produces ribosomes which enter the cytoplasm in the cell through the nuclear pores, as well as transcribing DNA into RNA. Prokaryotic cells do not contain nuclei. Instead of having a nucleus to carry the DNA, these cells contain plasmids with circular DNA, as well as having most of the DNA float freely inside the cytoplasm. The plasmids carry the information necessary to keep the cell alive. For example including genes that make the bacteria cell resistant to antibiotics. Both cells transcribe DNA into RNA in order to translate RNA and produce proteins on ribosomes. Endoplasmic Reticulum is present in eukaryotic cells. There are two types of ER: Smooth and rough. â€Å"This organelle is formed of a network ofShow MoreRelatedFunctions And Functions Of Eukaryotic Cell874 Words   |  4 Pagesplants are very complex; it has infinitely many functions. These functions are carried out by organs; all organs in the body operate in a choreograph manner that keeps the body in a healthy state. If these functions decide to fail, life cannot be sustained. With that said, without the body’s secret ingredients the organs and the functions they carry out will cease to exist. These secret ingredient are known as cells—the fundamental unit of life. Cells are essential to sustaining life; ironically itRead MoreFunctions Of Eukaryotic Cells For Various Functions And Processes1548 Words   |  7 PagesMicrotubules are an essential part of eukaryotic cells for various functions and processes, and are located throughout the cytoplasm in the cytoskelet on. Microtubules are essential for multiple cellular processes such as, cellular division and cellular movement and transport(6). Since microtubules are required for many cellular processes, mutations involving microtubules can cause various diseases including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer(5). 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We study the cell because it is the simplest unit of all living organisms and to begin understanding life, we must realize the cell’s structure, whether it is about the different types of cells or how the cell functions. Biology is the study of life and for the human species; the cell is the most basic principle of life, which is why it is so

Abortion Analytical Essay - 1139 Words

Abortions: Morally Acceptable or Not? The issue of abortion is one of the most sensitive and controversial issues faced by modern societies. This issue leads to topics of whether abortion is right or wrong, if it is the actual killing of a person, and what actually defines the moral status of a fetus. In this paper, I will be arguing against Bonnie Steinbock, who believes that abortions are morally acceptable. So I will be supporting the view that abortions are not morally acceptable. In Bonnie Steinbock’s essay, â€Å"Why Abortions Are Not Wrong,† she argues that abortions are morally acceptable because fetuses are non-sentient beings and therefore lack interests as well as moral status. Her first premise suggests that it is wrong to kill†¦show more content†¦Although, Steinbock’s third premise suggests that some abortions are the killing of a non-sentient organism. By this she means, some abortions may be immoral for many reasons such as, trivial reasons, sex selection, fetal reduction, and vengeful abortion. The trivial reasons are of little worth and importance. Steinbock describes the story of a girl not wanting to be pregnant in the summer because she would be unable to wear a bikini. She concludes that this would be a very immoral reason for having an abortion. Sex selection refers to the â€Å"destruction of a healthy fetus just because of its sex to be immoral, either because of the sexist attitude or because such abortions reflect insufficient respect for potential human life.† Fetal reduction is the practice of reducing the number of fetuses in a pregnancy with more than one fetus. Steinbock states that this is rather difficult and understands this practice. Vengeful abortions are the seeking to harm someone else beside the fetus. Steinbock describes it as, a woman who might have an abortion to seek revenge on her husband because he was unfaithful to her earlier in their marriage. Steinbock concludes that these reasons are all bizarre and can result in the killing of non-sentient beings. After reading Bonnie Steinbock’s article, I will be arguing against her conclusion that some abortionsShow MoreRelatedThe Gardens Of Democracy By Eric Liu And Nick Hanauer1446 Words   |  6 PagesAnalytical Essay Introduction Throughout the world, many contemporary issues occur in the world of Politics. Democracy is also involved with several contemporary issues. According to Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary (2014), the word democracy is defined as a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections (Page 215). 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Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Governance Principles and Social Responsibility. Answer: Introduction Corporate governance is the set of activities and regulations by which board of directors direct and manages the operations of a company and ensures fairness, responsibility, and transparency in corporations while dealing with its stakeholders. The stakeholder of a firm includes consumers, government, shareholders, investors, creditors, environment, community and many others. Many modern organisations have adopted corporate social responsibility policies to ensure the satisfaction of multiple stakeholders but, many experts believe that it reduces a corporations performance and growth. The stakeholder approach is based upon various theories of justice, ethics, and morality and it has a positive impact on the society. Many experts support the stakeholder approach by stating that company is not a profit machine, it has several moral duties towards society and stakeholders. There are several stakeholders theories that can be applied by the directors; these theories focus on fulfilling the requirements of multiple stakeholders. This report will analyse various articles on shareholder and stakeholder approach to understand their influence and importance in a corporations growth. The impact of stakeholder approach over society will be discussed in the report as well. Further, the report will evaluate multiple theories of justice and corporate governance to understand their impact on a company. Purpose The key purpose of this report is to analyse the articles provided by multiple experts regarding shareholder and stakeholder approach. The primary focus of the report will be in the articles submitted by Milton Friedman and R. Edward Freeman (and others) regarding the stakeholder and shareholder approach. Further, the report will also discuss benefits of implementing a broader view by a firm. The report will evaluate various theories of justice to determine the social role of a company towards the development of society. The report will analyse multiple corporate social responsibility theories that can be applied by directors in a firm for the fulfillment of their social responsibility. The report will provide few suggestions that can be implemented by directors for effective implementation of corporate governance. Scope The report primarily focuses on articles, journals, books or studies provided by experts regarding shareholder and stakeholder theory. The articles submitted by Milton Friedman and R. Edward Freeman will be the primary focus of the report. Many other opinions and researches conducted by theorist will be discussed to understand the role of corporate governance in a firm Literature Review A shareholder is an individual, corporation or any other institution that invest its money in the shares of a company, the shareholders are considered as the owner of an organisation, and they benefit and loss based on the performance of the enterprise. As per Ayuson and Argandona (2009), the directors are responsible towards shareholder, and they must maximise the value of shareholders. Many theorists believe that the primary objective of a company is to maximise the profits for its shareholders. However, many articles and academic journal assert that modern corporations prefer to adopt a stakeholders strategy. The shareholder theory has been widely challenged in previous few years; many experts believe that solely focusing on profit maximisation is wrong and immoral. The concept of corporate social responsibility is prominent in between modern companies; the CSR theory provides that a company has moral duties towards its multiple stakeholders. Smith (2003) argued that both stakehol der and shareholder theories are normative concepts that mean they contain a provision regarding what corporation role ought to be. According to Cooper (2017), todays modern firms can expand their business in different companies and their actions considerably affect various sections of society, therefore, implement stakeholder policy is an oversimplification of the complex role of organisations. Friedman (2007) argued that it is wrong to consider that a company has social responsibilities towards the society, a firm is an artificial person and it has artificial responsibilities. The primary role of a corporation is to satisfy their shareholders' needs because they invest in the enterprise and face the risk of loss. The purpose of directors should be clear; they should perform actions by complying with the common law to maximise the value of shareholders. Friedman (2007) stated in his article that unless a company is incorporated for a particular non-profit purpose, such as a hospital, welfare institute or school, its primary focus should be profit maximisation. According to Fisch (2005), if director implement the social responsibilities approach, then companys primary focus shifted from profit making to the welfare of society, which can be detrimental to the development of an enterprise. The shareholders face major risk in an organisation because they invest their capital in companys stock. Therefore, the directors should only focus on enhancing the shareholder value. As per Friedman (2007), the stakeholder's interest should be secondary in a company because without fulfilling the benefit of the shareholder, the company cannot satisfy its objectives. Friedman (2007) argued that the concept of corporations social responsibility is provided by the trade unions and activist groups to justify the transaction of a company which will not be otherwise benefited from its interest. Boatright (2006) provided that for achieving the growth in business, it is necessary that the company fulfills the requirement of stakeholders, but, he argued that it is not the duty of directors to create policies regarding the same. The directors are an agent of shareholders, and their primary focus should be improving the value of shareholders, the interest of other stakeholders should not be the concern of directors. If the shareholders value increases in a company, the interest of other stakeholders fulfilled through the market. According to Boatright (2006), the directors should not formulate corporate policies for the stakeholders; they can achieve that by focusing on shareholders interest. A different theory was given by Freeman, Harrison, and Wicks (20 07); they provided the importance of stakeholders in a company and its positive impact on the companys operations. The growth in corporations increased their impact on the society; the companies have a moral duty to satisfy the interest of various sections of the community. Freeman, Harrison, and Wicks (2007) stated that it is the responsibility of directors to ensure that actions of the company are fulfilling the interest of various stakeholders. Effective policies of corporate governance are necessary for a company to ensure satisfaction of their stakeholders, and directors should formulate plans to ensure satisfaction of multiple stakeholders. Many theorists have also provided different theories from shareholder and stakeholder approach. Bainbridge (2005) presented a theory called Director Primacy Model which provides that directors are responsible for the activities of corporate governance, therefore, they should be in the center of a firm. To maximise shareholder value, directors should be able to decide in a corporation without review from any other parties; the shareholders should not have the power to review the decision of directors since it retrains their power to operate a business efficiently. Another similar theory was provided by Million ( 2010) called Enlightened Shareholder Value. The theory focus on improving the shareholders worth by providing absolute power to the directors of a firm, the directors power is original, and it cannot be delegated to any other parties. According to Parmar et al. (2010), the directors best understand business, therefore, they should be able to decide the relevancy of each shareholder and formulate policies according to such relevancy. These theories did not popularise because there have several flaws, such as the theory did not consider the interest of creditors or give them relevance. There is lack of proper safety mechanism if directors decide to take unfair advantage of their powers and there is no method of measuring good faith of directors. As per Jensen (2002), it is not beneficial and productive for a company to argue over the importance of shareholder and stakeholders, both parties are depending upon the performance of an organisation which can be achieved by implementing stakeholders approach. Stout (2013) argues that the directors should focus on value maximisation of stakeholders and formulate policies achieve such objectives. The role of modern corporations has increased due to the advancement of technol ogy, regulations, and governments. The directors should ascertain their moral duty towards society and formulate corporate policies to achieve such objectives. Advantage of Adopting and Broader View Many theorists criticise the shareholder approach and enforce the implementation of stakeholders approach in modern corporations and provide that without fulfillment of stakeholders interest a company cannot achieve growth. As per Laplume, Sonpar, and Litz (2008), a stakeholder includes individual, organization or any other institute that has a financial interest in the operation of a firm or gets affected by the practices of the company. The example of stakeholders includes employees, consumers, government, environment, creditors, shareholders and many others. The stakeholders are categorised into three parts: primary, secondary and territory. The primary stakeholder is an integral part of a company; they have a financial interest in the performance of a firm and loss or gain based on the return of an enterprise. The example of primary stakeholders includes consumers, employees, shareholders, creditors, investors and many others. The secondary stakeholders did not have any financial interest in business operations, but they get influenced by the performance of a company, they are also called external stakeholders. The secondary stakeholders include media, community, public and many others. According to Sweeney and Coughlan (2008), the tertiary stakeholders neither have any financial interest in a company, nor they get affected by its operations but their opinions positively or adversely influence the companys performance. The example of tertiary stakeholders includes activist groups, government, environment and many others. A significant part of society gets covered in primary and secondary stakeholders, which prove that actions of a company influence a large section of society. Modern corporations are focusing more on stakeholders interest due to the popularity of corporate social responsibility provisions, the concept of a company being profit making machine is changing slowly in the market. The corporate s ocial responsibility principles ensure that directors formulate policies regarding the satisfaction of multiple stakeholders interest. As per the study of Martin (2010), two variables cannot be satisfied at a single time that means a company cannot meet consumer and shareholder interest at the same time. The satisfaction of shareholders will hurdle in benefit of consumers and vice versa. Usually, directors prefer to fulfill the interest of shareholders because it attracts more shareholders investment, but according to Martin (2010), that is a wrong approach. The dividend of shareholders is provided after the reduction of statutory payments such as salaries, the interest on loans and taxes. The shareholders focus on future profit of a company instead of present value, for attracting a large number of shareholders the companies are required to sustain their growth. As per Greenwood and Van Buren (2010), it is impossible for companies to maintain their development for an indefinite period; therefore they should focus on improving stakeholders value instead of enhancing shareholders worth. The improvement in stakeholder s value will allow the companies to attract a large number of investments from the shareholders which will assist in sustaining the growth of the business. Justice Theories Manners (2008) stated that the normative ethics is related to the philosophical ethics which focus on examine the moral and ethical practices. The normative ethics analyses the rightness and wrongness of an ethical belief, it performs an empirical study into the view of peoples. For example, if individual beliefs that conducting fraud is wrong that the normative ethics evaluate that whether it is right or wrong to hold such an opinion by a person. The justices are defined as fairness by Rawls (2009); he stated that justice is divided into two parts. The first part provides that society should be strutted in a way to ensure that each section has equal liberty; another party must not infringe the rights of a person. The second part prohibits the discrimination between individuals in a society unless it is necessary to discriminate a minority party to provide them benefits. Rawls (2009) also ensures that the person who possesses power must not prohibit the opportunity of another party f or gaining such strength. According to Bowie (2017), the Kantian View theory by given by Immanuel Kant which focuses on the equal status of stakeholders in a company, the directors should ensure that company is formulating necessary policies for the satisfaction of all stakeholders. These theories focus on directors responsibility towards stakeholders and the requirement of better social responsibility policies in a company. The theories focus on the moral responsibility of directors and the role of stakeholders in a company. Many theorists have provided opposite views over the same matter, for example, Jeremy Benthams Utilitarian theory. As per Renouard (2011), the Utilitarian theory provides an opposite view over the Kantian theory which provides that instead of focusing on achieving stakeholders interest, the director should perform their duties within the law. The maximisation of shareholders value assists in satisfaction of the interest of other stakeholders; directors are not required to formulate speci fic policies for different stakeholders. Numerous experts have criticised the Utilitarian theory; they believed that this approach could not be applied to modern corporations since it does not have any practical use. According to Rawls (2009), by distributing the wealth more equally (not evenly) between stakeholders, a company can sustain their future development. If the company only focus on improving shareholders value than the resources will only be provided to the shareholders, and it creates a problem of discrimination. The discrimination between stakeholders reduces the growth of a company because it reduces its reputation and business. By efficiently implementing corporate governance principles, the directors can satisfy the interest of stakeholders. As per Zakhem (2008), the directors have a duty of care toward multiple stakeholders that means it is their responsibility to ensure that equal protection is given to each stakeholder. The directors have a fiduciary duty towards the company which requires them to perform their actions morally and in good faith of the corporation. Directors should avoid the discrimination in an organization, and strict policies should be implemented to prevent any mistreatment of stakeholder. Laczniak and Murphy (2012) stated that each stakeholder is a crucial part of a corporate structure and directors are morally responsible towards them; the corporate social responsibility principles ensure that directors analyse the requirement of stakeholders and formulate policies to meet such requirements. The duty of care must be fulfilled by the directors while performing their responsibilities of corporate governance. Theories of Corporate Governance To ensure the fulfillment of their duty of care, the directors can implement various approaches to corporate governance which provide proper achievement of stakeholders interest. According to Lee (2008), in modern times, the principle of corporate social responsibility is significantly popular between the corporations. The corporate social responsibility allows companies to incorporate policies of environmental and social welfare into the business structure. The CSR policies are self-regulated by the enterprises and directors construct such systems into corporations business structure. The CSR regulations assist companies in complying with various national and international laws regarding moral, ethical and legislative matters. Carroll (2008) stated that the CSR policies did not just focus on compliance of statutory rules instead it emphasis on the social responsibilities of a company towards the society. The CSR policy is benefited for international corporations since they deal with different domestic and international regulations and it ensures that the company fulfills each stakeholder's interest. Mele (2008) provided that by implementing an efficient CSR model, a company can achieve various advantages such as positive reputation, improved trading, international brand recognition, better financial performance, and improved employees productivity. It also benefits enterprise in recruitment and retention process since it attracts and retains talented employees, the procedure of accessing investment also become more accessible for companies. Bocken et al. (2016) provided that a company can adopt a 'circular economy' approach for improvement of business operations; it benefits the company in various ways such as reduction of wastage in raw material, saving of energy, and improved employees productivity. The company can achieve that by implementing various methods such as recycling, reuse of material, building long-lasting products, proper maintenance, and repair of machinery. According to Porter et al. (2011), the Creating shared value approach is another theory which benefits directors into establishing a positive environment for the stakeholders. The CSV policy creates a link between competitive strategy and CSR principles, it allows in creating a healthy competitive environment in the industry. As per Banerjee (2008), the CSV value creates equal opportunities for different stakeholders and develops each section of society; it allows company into identifying and capitalise the financial and social development in the ind ustry. These strategies allow the companies to fulfill their moral duties towards society and assist in the growth of the company. The role of modern corporations has enhanced, and the directors are responsible towards multiple stakeholders, by implementing these theories, the director can ensure the equal satisfaction of stakeholders interest in the company which benefits the society as well. Conclusion and Recommendations From the above observations, it can be concluded that the modern corporations have duties towards different stakeholders. The benefit of stakeholders can improve the growth of a company, and it benefits various sections of society. Many theorists argued that stakeholders approach is detrimental to the growth of a company since it shifts the focus from profit maximisation. But, many studies have provided that stakeholder approach benefits enterprise in several ways which sustain its development such as improved reputation, positive brand recognition, and easy availability of investment. A company should adopt a broader view of business structure because it benefits various parts of society and assists the enterprise in fulfilling their social responsibilities. Various theories of justice also provide that directors have a duty of care towards its stakeholders, and they should formulate policies to satisfy the interest of stakeholders. Directors can adopt many theories for the satisfac tion of stakeholders interest such as CSV, CSR, and circular economy. These approaches assist modern corporations in fulfilling their social responsibilities and provide various benefits to the section of society. As per my recommendation, a company should adopt stakeholder approach rather than shareholder primacy theory; it will assist in overall development of the firm and sustain future growth of the business. Before implementing stakeholders approach, the directors should analyse the number of stakeholders in the company and analyse their interest and requirements. The corporate policies should be according to the interest of stakeholders; the policies must equally cover the requirement of each stakeholder. Directors must ensure proper implementation of policies in the corporations, and they have to monitor the organisational environment constantly. The policies should be changed in case any external or internal factors affect the interest of stakeholders. By implementing this approach, a company can fulfill its moral responsibility and assist in the development of society. References Ayuso, S. and Argandoa, A., 2009. Responsible corporate governance: Towards a stakeholder board of directors?. Bainbridge, S.M., 2002. Director primacy: The means and ends of corporate governance.Nw. UL Rev.,97, p.547. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=300860 Banerjee, S.B., 2008. Corporate social responsibility: The good, the bad and the ugly.Critical sociology,34(1), pp.51-79. Boatright, J.R., 2006. Whats wrongand whats rightwith stakeholder management.Journal of Private Enterprise,21(2), pp.106-130. Bocken, N.M., de Pauw, I., Bakker, C. and van der Grinten, B., 2016. Product design and business model strategies for a circular economy.Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering,33(5), pp.308-320. Bowie, N.E., 2017.Business ethics: A Kantian perspective. Cambridge University Press. Carroll, A.B., 2008. A history of corporate social responsibility. InThe Oxford handbook of corporate social responsibility. Cooper, S., 2017.Corporate social performance: A stakeholder approach. Taylor Francis. Fisch, J.E., 2005. Measuring efficiency in corporate law: The role of shareholder primacy.J. Corp. l.,31, p.637. Freeman, R.E., Harrison, J.S. and Wicks, A.C., 2007.Managing for stakeholders: Survival, reputation, and success. Yale University Press. Friedman, M., 2007. The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits.Corporate ethics and corporate governance, pp.173-178. Greenwood, M. and Van Buren III, H.J., 2010. Trust and stakeholder theory: Trustworthiness in the organisationstakeholder relationship.Journal of business ethics,95(3), pp.425-438. Jensen, M.C., 2002. Value maximization, stakeholder theory, and the corporate objective function.Business ethics quarterly, pp.235-256. Laczniak, G.R. and Murphy, P.E., 2012. Stakeholder theory and marketing: Moving from a firm-centric to a societal perspective.Journal of Public Policy Marketing,31(2), pp.284-292. Laplume, A.O., Sonpar, K. and Litz, R.A., 2008. Stakeholder theory: Reviewing a theory that moves us.Journal of management,34(6), pp.1152-1189. Lee, M.D.P., 2008. A review of the theories of corporate social responsibility: Its evolutionary path and the road ahead.International journal ofmanagement reviews,10(1), pp.53-73. Manners, I.A., 2008. The normative ethics of the European Union.International affairs,84(1), pp.45-60. Martin, R., 2010. The age of customer capitalism.Harvard business review,88(1). Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2010/01/the-age-of-customer-capitalism Mel, D., 2008. Corporate social responsibility theories. InThe Oxford handbook of corporate social responsibility. Millon, D., 2010. Enlightened shareholder value, social responsibility, and the redefinition of corporate purpose without law. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1625750 Parmar, B.L., Freeman, R.E., Harrison, J.S., Wicks, A.C., Purnell, L. and De Colle, S., 2010. Stakeholder theory: The state of the art.Academy of Management Annals,4(1), pp.403-445. Porter, M.E., Hills, G., Pfitzer, M., Patscheke, S. and Hawkins, E., 2011. Measuring shared value: How to unlock value by linking social and business results. Rawls, J., 2009.A theory of justice. Harvard university press. Renouard, C., 2011. Corporate social responsibility, utilitarianism, and the capabilities approach.Journal of business ethics,98(1), pp.85-97. Smith, H.J., 2003. The shareholders vs. stakeholders debate.MIT SloanManagement Review,44(4), pp.85-91. Retrieved from https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/the-shareholders-vs-stakeholders-debate/ Stout, L.A., 2013. The toxic side effects of shareholder primacy.University of Pennsylvania Law Review,161(7), pp.2003-2023. Sweeney, L. and Coughlan, J., 2008. Do different industries report corporate social responsibility differently? An investigation through the lens of stakeholder theory.Journal of Marketing Communications,14(2), pp.113-124. Zakhem, A., 2008. Stakeholder management capability: A discoursetheoretical approach.Journal of Business ethics,79(4), pp.395-405.

Lewis Carroll Essays - Alice In Wonderland, , Term Papers

Lewis Carroll Lewis Carroll is the penname of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson was born on January 27, 1832, in Daresbury England. He was the oldest boy in a family of eleven children of Reverend Charles Dodgson and his wife, Francis Jane Lutwidge. Carroll was relatively pleasant in his childhood, full of ideas and hobbies that contributed to his future creative works. His playmates were mostly his brothers and sisters. He really only played with his sister and never much his brothers though. He took care of his younger sisters most of his younger life and many think thats where he developed his great imagination. He did have a stammer but it is suggested it may have arisen from his parents, when they tried to make him right handed, this may have caused him to think that something was wrong with him, therefore hurting his self-confidence. Carroll was very shy when he spoke to adults, so his speech became difficult to understand. This might have contributed to him being able to communicate with children so well, because he found it easier to become friends with them. Carrolls father had been a big impact on his life, he passed away when Carroll was 36 years old, which he said was the saddest thing of his life. His father was an honorable minister of Christ Church, this mounted Carrolls religious devotion. Lewis Carrolls mother was the essence of the Victorian gentlewoman, and loveable and loved but he mostly talked about his father rather than his mother. Lewis Carroll grew up with an extraordinary education and he was very successful with many publications. He began his education at Richmond Grammar School and then attended Rugby until 1849. In 1851 Carroll matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford. Carroll followed the path of his father by deciding to attend Christ Church, but differently, he did not go on to marry or become a practicing minister. He spent at total of 47 years there, from being a student, to receiving bachelor and masters of art degrees to mathematical professor. Even after he retired as a math professor, he became a curator of the Senior Common Room for 10 years (DLB v.18 46). Rather unlike Carrolls literary works such as Alice, Carroll published mathematical and symbolical texts, which include The Game of Logic (1886) and Symbolic Logic, Parts 1 2 (1886, 1887). Along with mathematical and literary works, Carroll also published his photograph compilation in Lewis Carroll, Photographer (1849) that shows his superiorit y in another area (45). Before photography became one of his interests, Carroll drew many pictures that he tried to publish. But his drawings were not up to par in order to be accepted for publication. He excelled much more in photography and had been described as the best photographer of children in the nineteenth century (Pudney 54). His most influential focus of child photography was Alice Liddell. Carroll was taking photographs of the Christ Church Cathedral from the deanery of the college when he encountered Alice Liddell and her two sisters, the daughters of the Dean, Henry George Liddell (DLB v.18 47-48). From that day on Carroll had a close relationship with the three daughters. The relationship Carroll was beginning to establish with the Liddell daughters did not please Mrs. Liddell very much. She was rather suspicious of his motives for associating with her children (DLB v.163 61). Despite her feelings, Carroll was still permitted to escort the girls on day trips, which they enjoyed (62). During the afternoon of July 4, 1862, the story, which would become known as Alices Adventures in Wonderland, was told for the first time (63). Carroll created this fascinating story to entertain the Liddell girls, Lorina, Alice, and Edith throughout a boat ride on the river Isis. From all three girls came the plead, Tel l us a story and from there is history. After the boat ride, he met with Liddells daughters for walks and croquet and heard them sign Beautiful Star, which entered the book as the Mock Turtles song on Beautiful Soup. Alice enjoyed the story Carroll created so much that she coerced him to record the tale on paper. And so Carroll began to write. By February 10, 1963,

Similarities and differences between Democracy and Dictatorship

Similarities and differences between Democracy and Dictatorship Introduction The world is home to diverse systems of governance. Different countries are governed differently due to a variety of reasons, mostly depending on their geographical location, political affiliations, and religious background to a lesser extent. Democracy is the most favored system of governance while dictatorship is loathed by many. This paper seeks to compare and contrast democracy and dictatorship as systems of governance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Similarities and differences between Democracy and Dictatorship specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Description of democracy and dictatorship Democracy is often described as a form of â€Å"governance in which all the adult citizens of a given country have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives† (Diamond and Marc 168). This implies that the citizens have a way of participating in the formation of the rules and laws by which they are g overned. Democratic principles may encompass cultural, economic and other social practices that encourage free and fair competition, particularly in the political arena (Diamond and Marc 168). On the other hand, dictatorship can be defined as a form of government that is controlled by an individual or a small collection of individuals. Power is concentrated around the individual or the small group of people and is often obtained through force or inheritance (Bueno, Alastair and Morrow 15). Similarities between democracy and dictatorship There are very few similarities between democracy and dictatorship. Both can be identified as forms of governance. Democratic and dictatorial regimes both vest their authority in one person or a few individuals. Both types of government can be effective or infective depending on several factors that may involve the particular individual holding the executive authority. A dictatorship is generally a poor form or governance. However, democracy can also be weak if it’s often locked in disagreements. It’s usually believed that there are no true democracies as most of them typically carry some aspects of dictatorship. Both systems are designed to effectively control the people only that in democracies people think that the ruling elite has their consent to rule (Diamond and Marc 168). Differences between democracy and dictatorship Democracy and dictatorship differ in many ways. The differences mainly pertain to the concept of governance and the methodology applied (Bueno, Alastair and Morrow 132). A dictator exercises absolute power and often formulates laws that are meant to suppress competition. On the other hand, the choice to create the rules of governance and other regulations is usually made by the people. In democracies, people are given a chance to choose what works best for them. Decisions are arrived at through a consultative process where everyone is allowed to provide his/her views. In a dictatorship, an in dividual or a small group of influential persons make choices on behalf of the people.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The laws that govern the rights of people and the economy are framed for the people in a dictatorship (Bueno, Alastair and Morrow 57). On the hand, democracies give people the power to make laws. The freedoms and rights of citizens, media, civil society, and other organizations are often curtailed in dictatorial systems of governance. People are often not allowed to say what they think is right for them. In democracies, citizens, media, civil society, and other organizations are usually free to initiate any meaningful change. Conclusion This paper sought to identify the similarities and differences between democracy and dictatorship. Both have been identified as systems of governance which have very few similarities unless the principles of democracy are compromised to bring in some elements of dictatorship. However, the two are different in several ways that mainly relate to the rights and freedoms of citizens and the concentration of power. Bueno, Mesquita, Smith Alastair and James Morrow. The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003. Diamond, Larry and Plattner Marc. Electoral Systems and Democracy. Baltimore: John Hopkins University, 2006.

Steelband Music in Trinidad and Tobago Research Paper - 1

Steelband Music in Trinidad and Tobago - Research Paper Example Music of a particular region and era contains vital information about the thoughts and beliefs of its people. Drumming is considered an integral part of culture of Trinidad and Tobago. Located off the south eastern coast of North America close to the Bahamas in the Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago’s musical history dates back to the years of its rule by the British and Spaniards. Music was used as a channel of self expression and a means of social and intellectual liberation. The history of Trinidad and Tobago has seen colonisation by the British and the Europeans. This is quite evident in the demographic mix of races, religions and communities of people. Music is deeply associated with caste, colour and race as at some point or the other people from different backgrounds have alternate ways of thinking and applying music. The country’s population consists of Christians (50%), Hindus (25%) and mixed races (Europeans, Whites etc.). Half of the population are Trinidadians, the rest are Afro-Trinidadians (African in origin) and the remaining are of mixed origin (Aho 20). The music world has seen extensive use of percussive elements in compositions from around the world. Amongst the genres of music that rely on heavy usage of percussion are Reggae, Hip Hop, Rap, Native Caribbean Folk Music and Latin American Music. The emphasis on rhythm and percussive elements in musical compositions and performances is a trademark of music from the Latin American, Caribbean and European regions. Trinidad and Tobago’s music history also has the roots of percussion dominance in music embedded in the culture and tradition. The steel drum has its origin in the economically backward areas of the capital city: Port of Spain. The steel drums that we know today had its origins in the capital city and were made by young men with basic education, hailing from underprivileged families. The

Financial Analysis for Managers Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Financial Analysis for Managers - Case Study Example Wal-Mart registers nearly $20,000 profit every minute of every day. Last fiscal year, Wal-Mart recorded profits of $10.3 billion. For comparison, Target's profit per minute is $6,084. To say Wal-Mart is a money-making machine would be an understatement. The calculations given as Appendices A, B and C are based on Wal-Mart and Target's past four years annual data from the 10K and Hoovers. Some are calculated by author as well. (Dollars are listed in thousands). Net Profit Margin is an indication of how effective a company is at cost control. The higher the net profit, the more effective the company is at converting revenue into actual profit. Target has greatly improved on this number over the last few years and reached the high number of 3.8 in 2002 from its low of 3.4 in 1999. In comparison to Wal-Mart, it has outperformed it during this period. Operating Profit Margin shows how effective a company controls its cost and expenses associated with the normal business operations. Target's OPM remained consistent from 1999 to 2001 and improved from 2001 to 2002 due to the stronger supplier relationships, restructuring of stores and more effective inventory management. Wal-Mart remained below during the entire period. It has large overhead costs to maintain its many stores. Return on Assets determi... (c). Return on Assets Net Income + Interest Return on Assets = Average Total Assets Return on Assets determines how many dollars of profits can be achieved for each dollar of assets under control. Target's return on assets ranges between $8 to $9 which is compareable to Wal-Mart's ranges. (d). Return on Equity Net Income Return on Equity = Average Equity Return on Equity is one of the most important profitability measures. ROE reveals how much a company earned in comparison to the total amount of the shareholder equity found on the balance sheet. ROE encompasses the three main levers by which the management can better the corporation. These levers are profitability. Asset management and financial leverage. Again although Wal-Mart is ahead of Target during the whole period but the figures are even compareable as walmart ranges from $20 to $23 while Target' figures ranges between $19 to $21. 2. Efficiency ratios of Wal-Mart & Target Efficiency ratios of Wal-Mart & Target are calculated by applying the following formulae. (a). Asset Turnover Ratio SalesAsset Turnover Ratio = Average Total Assets Asset Turnover Ratio measures how efficiently a company uses its average total assets to generate sales. The figures show that Target has gone down in this number over the past four years from a high of 2.054 to 1.665. Sales for Target are not increasing as fast as the number of assets within the corporation. Wal-Mart has outperformed Target in this field as its minimum value was 2.601 in 2000 which is higher than the Target's highest value. (b). Inventory Turnover Ratio Coast of Goods Sold Inventory Turnover Ratio = Average Inventory Inventory Turnover Ratio measures the number of times that

What Is Peer Pressure Health And Social Care Essay

What Is Peer Pressure Health And Social Care Essay Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder that causes people to obsess with their weight gain. People with anorexia limit the amount of food they eat drastically and can become extremely thin. A person with anorexia sees themselves as an obese individual even if they are skinny. Anorexia nervosa is not about the food the person consumes, but it is a way for the individuals to cope with their emotional problems. Although anorexia can occur in both sexes, it is much more common in females rather than males. Anorexia usually affects the teenagers and young adults. If this disorder goes untreated it can lead to serious health problems such as osteoporosis, kidney damage, heart problems, and eventually death. Anorexia nervosa has the highest death rate of any mental illness with five to twenty percent of people who develop the disease die from it. The exact causes of anorexia, like all other eating disorders are unknown but there are factors that could impact it. These factors include; havin g an anxiety disorder as a child, having a negative self-image, having eating disorder as a child, and having certain social ideas about health and beauty. A patient with anorexia attends to maintain a strict control over food intake by counting calories exactly. Some may enjoy cooking and serving food but not eating it; they may hide the food and claim that they ate it. Anorexia nervosa can be very difficult to cope with, and early treatment could be effective. The longer this disease goes untreated, the harder it is to eventually overcome.Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that causes people lose more weight than is considered healthy for their age and height. Anorexia commonly affects women between the ages of 13 and 20. Anorexia causes serious health conditions such as osteoporosis, kidney damage, heart problems, and eventually death. About 10 through 15 percent of all people with anorexia will eventually die from physical or mental complications. Early detection is the best way to battle anorexia nervosa; approximately 60 percent of people with anorexia make a full recovery when detected early (Causes of Anorexia). Anorexia is caused by a fear of gaining weight, obesophobia, where the person has to practice unhealthy dieting habits to maintain this fear. A study found that adolescent girls were more fearful of gaining weight than getting cancer, nuclear war or losing their parents (Self Image/Media Influences). Although the causes of anorexia nervosa are unknown, there are many factors that can contribute to anorexia nervosa. An important factor that affects anorexia is social pressure, whether it is by peers or the media. Most female teenagers will develop anorexia nervosa because of body images portrayed by the media and peer pressure. Peer Pressure What is Peer Pressure? Peer pressure is influence from a members peer group. Whether it is by a boyfriend, peer, coworker, or sibling. When people receive criticism they are at increased risk of a number of mental health issues, including poor body image and eating disorders. Troubling behaviors range from a dirty look when taking a second helping of food at the dinner table to persistent weight-related bullying by ones peers (Ross, 2012). How does Peer Pressure affect anorexia? Peer pressure can also impact teens into becoming anorexic. Bullying is the most common type of peer pressure. Someone may make remarks about another persons body image or weight and that causes that person to feel dissatisfied with their body. This in turn causes the person to practice unhealthy dieting. This is very common among teens who are constantly being judge based on their looks. In movies, particularly, but also in television shows and the accompanying commercials, womens and girls appearance is frequently commented on: 58 percent of female characters in movies had comments made about their looks, as did 28 percent in television shows and 26 percent of the female models in the accompanying commercials (Body Image Nutrition). Peer pressure has a major impact on how we look at ourselves; it can alter our behavior and cause us to practice unhealthy ones. Media Portrayal What is Media? The media is an important aspect of our daily lives. Media is all around us: it includes Television sets, billboards, magazines, newspapers, and the Internet. Media also includes social networking sites which most teens nowadays are engaged in. About 95 percent of people own a TV set and watch for an average of 3-4 hours per day. By the end of the last century 50 percent of women read a newspaper each day and nearly half of all girls, from the age of 7 read a girls magazine each week (Jade, 2009). Media is also used to target certain age groups to buy a specific product. In this case media targets teen girls to sell beauty products. During shows that are watched mostly by teen girls 56 percent of commercials are about beauty as a product appeal. Also one in three articles in leading teen magazines contain 50 percent of advertisements focus on appearance. It is everywhere we turn and we face it every day of our lives. How does Media affect anorexia nervosa? Everywhere we turn we see models that are extremely underweight. These models are considered the ideal image of beauty. An average US woman is 54 tall weighing about 140 pounds while the average US model is 511 and weigh about 117 pounds (Health Wellness Article, 2000). When teens see these models they desperately want to be like them. According to a study in Pediatrics, about two-thirds of girls in the 5th to 12th grades said that magazine images influence their vision of an ideal body, and about half of the girls said the images made them want to lose weight. Teens become dissatisfied with their bodies; this can explain why 80 percent of US women do not like how they look (Ross, 2012). On a study done with thirteen year olds found that 53 percent of American girls are unhappy with their bodies, these increases to 78 percent by the time these girls reach the age of seventeen (Body Image Nutrition). This in turn causes them to become obsess with their weight to match that of the models they see each day. In a survey done by the National Heart, Lung and Blood institute found that 40 percent of girls 9 and 10 years old have tried to lose weight. According to statistics from the National Eating Disorders Association, by the time they reach college, 92 percent of young women have tried to control weight through dieting, and 22 percent often or always diet (Health Wellness Article, 2000). Gradually these teens develop a drastic fear of gaining weight. References A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. ( 2012, February 13). Retrieved from Pubmed Health: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001401/ Health Wellness Article. (2000, July 5). Retrieved from Tree: http://www.tree.com/health/eating-disorders-anorexia-causes.aspx Anorexia Nervosa Health center. (2011, August 25). Retrieved from WebMD: http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/anorexia-nervosa/anorexia-nervosa-topic-overview Body Image Nutrition. (n.d.). Retrieved 1 20, 2013, from Teen Health and the Media: http://depts.washington.edu/thmedia/view.cgi?section=bodyimagepage=fastfacts Causes of Anorexia. (n.d.). Retrieved January 20, 2013, from Eating Disorders mirror mirror: http://www.mirror-mirror.org/causes-of-anorexia.htm Cemanovic, M. (2006, December 18). The Effects of Media on the Skinny Side of Eating Disorders. Retrieved from Ezine @rticles: http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Effects-of-Media-on-the-Skinny-Side-of-Eating-Disordersid=390528 Gould, B. E., Dyer, R. M. (2011). Pathophysiology for the Health Professions. In B. E. Gould, R. M. Dyer, Pathophysiology for the Health Professions (pp. 420-421). Jeanne Olson. Inge, C. (2010, July 29). Peer Pressure: Eating Disorders. Retrieved from Examiner.com: http://www.examiner.com/article/peer-pressure-eating-disorders Jade, D. (2009). THE MEDIA AND EATING DISORDERS. Retrieved from National Centre for Eating Disorders: http://www.eating-disorders.org.uk/media-and-eating-disorders.html Ross, C. C. (2012, June 1). World of Psychology. Retrieved from PsychCentral: http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2012/06/02/why-do-women-hate-their-bodies/ Self Image/Media Influences. (n.d.). Retrieved from Just Say YES: http://www.justsayyes.org/topics/self-image-media-influences/ Staff, M. C. (2012, January 5). Anorexia nervosa. Retrieved from Mayo Clinic: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/anorexia/DS00606

First Amendment Issues: Prayer In Public School Essay

Inclusion of prayer in modern American school schedule has been a controversial and highly debated issue during last several decades. When tragedy of the Columbine High School in 1999 occurred, in which twelve students and one teacher died, the issue of moral education and role of religion in the life of public education has been brought to an entirely different level. Right after the tragedy, The Wall Street Journal’s editorial page was alive with debate over an article written by syndicated columnist, Peggy Noonan. Writing about the â€Å"culture of death† of which the two shooters, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, were a product, she observes: â€Å"A man called into a Christian radio station this morning and said a true thing. He said, and I am paraphrasing: those kids were sick, and if a teacher had talked to them and said, â€Å"listen, there’s a way out, there really is love out there that will never stop loving you, there’s a real God out there and I want to be able to talk to you about him†Ã¢â‚¬â€if that teacher had intervened in that way, he would have been hauled into court† (Noonan, A19). Peggy Noonan agreed with the man’s observation and went on to write: â€Å"It occurs to me at the moment that a gun and a Bible have a few things in common. Both are small, black, have an immediate heft and are dangerous—the first to life, and the second to the culture of death† (Noonan, A19). The next day Peggy Noonan’s article was published , a reader by the name of Bill Bailey responded to Ms. Noonan’s editorial. In his letter to the editor, he commented: â€Å"I send my children to public school to learn reading, writing, and arithmetic. I do not send them to school to be lectured on the virtues of believing in a personal God†¦. Teachers have no business lecturing my children on the virtues of religion (Bailey, A19). One can conclude that prayer in school represent an important and pressing problem for contemporary America, not only from socio-cultural and public perspective but also from legal one. CASE ANALYSIS Case scenario #3 relates to the legal problems emerging from the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. According to it, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances† (First Amendment). In this way, any establishment or preference by the Congress or any other state authority of a national, state or local religion over another is prohibited. Same legal principle applies to the preference or establishment of non-religion over religion. According to the case scenario, Johnny, who is an atheist, objects the morning prayer held in the public high school he is attending as well as a prayer at his graduation. Assuming the dispute reaches the US Supreme Court, the decision will be make in the favor of Johnny and his parents on the both issues of dispute – morning prayer and prayer at graduation. The detailed analysis is provided below and is based on the First Amendment to the US Constitution, as well as US Supreme Court cases, particularly, Engel v. Vitale, Abington Township School District v. Schempp, Wallace v. Jaffree During Engel v. Vitale hearings, in a six to one vote, with two Justices removing themselves from the case, the Court declared the Regents’ Prayer unconstitutional for violating the First Amendment’s establishment clause, â€Å"because that prayer was composed by governmental officials as a part of governmental program to further religious beliefs (Engel v. Vitale, 370 US 421, 1962). Hugo Black delivered the majority opinion, which expressly rejected the district’s claims that that it met constitutional standards because the prayer was denominationally neutral and had a clear opt-out policy for students. According to Black, the establishment clause â€Å"is violated by the enactment of laws which establish an official religion whether those laws operate directly to coerce nonobserving individuals or not† (Engel v. Vitale, 370 US 421, 1962). From this perspective, judgments that led to decisions made in Engel v. Vitale can be applied to the dispute between Johnny and his parents and Tree Stump High School, both regarding morning school prayer and prayer at graduation. By this logic, within the schoolhouse, school officials must protect the balance of freedom that the First Amendment allows concerning religious expression. They must protect the freedom of each student who wishes to speak out about matters of religion and protect those who prefer to say nothing at all about religion. Schools must not sponsor religious activities or express any opinion for or against a student who personally expresses a religious belief. Issues and the US Supreme Court logic emerged from Abington Township School District v. Schempp case also serve in favor of Johnny and his parents. The Schempp’s brief explained the opt-out policy gave the child a difficult choice â€Å"between an impulse to obey the parents’ wishes and the pressure to conform to his group. If the child yields to this pressure, the result is disobedience, a loss of respect for the parent and interference with the parent’s right to control in matters of religion. On the other hand, if the child obeys the parent, he suffers a loss of standing in his group† (Abington Township School District v. Schempp, 374 US 230, 1963). This statement reflects the situation Johnny found himself moving with his family to Tree Stump from Providence. Johnny is coming from family advocating atheistic beliefs, and that fact he moved into a very religious community should not violate his rights guaranteed by the US Constitution and make him adapt or loose â€Å"standing with his group. † According to the Abington brief the district’s statute â€Å"requires only that those who wish to do so may listen to daily readings without discussion or comment from a great work that possesses many values, including religious, moral, literary and historical† (Abington Township School District v. Schempp, 374 US 230, 1963), They warned that a finding against the districts would set a dangerous precedent â€Å"whereby there could be eliminated from the public life of this nation all those customs and traditions that evidence the religious nature and origin of our country and are now and have long been cherished and accepted by a vast majority of the people† (Abington Township School District v. Schempp, 374 US 230, 1963). The presence of the opt-out policy sufficiently protected individuals’ religious rights and therefore, they saw no need for the Court to infringe upon America’s religious traditions. The position of Abington School District probably reflects the judgment of Tree Stump High School. However, as with Engel, the Supreme Court rejected the school districts’ arguments and by a vote of eight to one struck down all state laws mandating Bible readings. Justice Tom Clark focused on numerous judicial opinions, including Engel, in which the Court held that the government must remain neutral toward religion. Clark argued that not only did the establishment clause require such neutrality, but so too did the free exercise clause, which recognized â€Å"the right of every person to freely choose his own course with reference thereto, free of any compulsion from the state† (Abington Township School District v. Schempp, 374 US 230, 1963). The US Supreme Court judgment in Abington Township School District v. Schempp favors the position of Johnny and his parents. Assuming high school graduation event was held outside the Tree Stump High School boundaries, the graduation prayer issue would not be regulated with rulings made in Abington Township School District v. Schempp and typical cases. The First Amendment protects a student’s right to express the faith without discrimination. It also forbids anyone from having a captive audience or forcing anyone to participate in any type of religious activities. Case Wallace v. Jaffree involved an Alabama state law that directed public schools to provide a moment of silence for meditation or voluntary prayer. A previous Alabama law mandated a moment of silence just for meditation, but in 1981 the legislature expanded the statute to include voluntary prayer. The Court determined that the clear intent of the law was to promote religion, and thus it must be invalidated. In striking down the Alabama law, the Supreme Court did not say that all â€Å"moment of silence† must be invalidated, but rather, the Court suggested that only those laws that either included clauses about prayers or whose legislative intent clearly called for a promotion of religion would be unconstitutional. According to the US Supreme Court ruling, â€Å"the State’s endorsement†¦of prayer activities at the beginning of each schoolday is not consistent with the established principle that the government must pursue a course of complete neutrality toward religion† (Wallace v. Jaffree 472 US 38, 1985). By this logic, the Supreme Court decision favors once again Johnny and his parents. At the same time, Johnny’s teacher offer to replace a morning school prayer with a moment of silence does not contradict neither the First Amendment to the US Constitution nor the Supreme Court rulings, as long as prayer and religion are not endorsed during it. WORKS CITED The First Amendment to the US Constitution, Available at , Accessed June 16, 2009 Noonan P. The Culture of Death,† The Wall Street Journal. 22 April 1999, A19. Bailey B. Don’t Blame Shooting on ‘Absent’ God, † † The Wall Street Journal. 28 April 1999, A 19 Engel v. Vitale, 370 US 421, 1962, Available at < http://caselaw. lp. findlaw. com/scripts/getcase. pl? court=US&vol=370&invol=421>, Accessed June 16, 2009 Abington Township School District v. Schempp, 374 US 230, 1963, Available at < http://caselaw. lp. findlaw. com/scripts/getcase. pl? court=US&vol=374&invol=203>, Accessed June 16, 2009 Wallace v. Jaffree 472 US 38, 1985, Available at < http://caselaw. lp. findlaw. com/scripts/getcase. pl? court=US&vol=472&invol=38>, Accessed June 16, 2009

Handle Information in Health and Social Care Setting

CU2470 Handle information in Health and Social care settings 1. 1 The legislation that relates to recording storage and sharing of information known as care plans is the Data Protection Act 1998. There are 8 principles to be followed when gathering data 1) processed fairly and lawfully 2) processed only for 1 or more lawful purpose 3) adequate and relevant 4) accurate and up to date 5) kept for no longer than necessary 6) processed in line with the right of the individual 7) secured against loss or damage 8) not transferred to countries out of EEA. . 2 It is important to have secure systems for recording and storing information to prevent personal information from being misused. Any information that has been gathered is confidential but written evidence may be required by other professionals on occasions. Also if new staff members arrive they can read the care plans to gain all the information needed. 2. 1 I would follow my company’s policies and procedures for guidance and ad vice about handling information but would also speak to my directors or Human resources office.Information can also be gained from government websites for advice or other professionals. 2. 2 If there are concerns over the recording storing or sharing of information i would document and report my concerns and secure all the information immediately. 3. 1 Agreed ways of working relates to the company’s and government policies in relation to Care Plans. All documents should be evaluated and reviewed regularly, updated as required, completed and legible so others are able to decipher them. 3. 2 Agreed ways of working when ) Recording information; would be to follow the company’s and government policies to ensure all information gathered is accurate, legible, complete and confidential. b) Storing information; all information that is gathered should be stored in locked filing cabinets that are only accessible to the persons requiring access to information. c) Sharing informat ion; Company and government policies need to be followed with regard to sharing information to prevent fraudulent use and confidential information being disclosed inappropriately. Data protection codes should be adhered to at all times.

The Cost Of Smoking Cigarettes - 1833 Words

British smokers are costing the (National Health Service) NHS  £5 billion per year,  £1.4 billion in sick leave as well as 60,000 innocent non-smokers’ lives. However, in 2013 around  £1.2 billion was accrued through taxation of total tobacco revenue in the UK. In less economically developed countries like Malawi in South-East of Africa, tobacco sales are pivotal in generating more than half of the money they earned from exports, $165 million. So, would we be doing more harm than good by banning the smoking of cigarettes? When investigating the true cost of smoking cigarettes there is an overwhelming amount of research into the multiple effects smoking has on health. The smoke inhaled when smoking a cigarette contains 4,000 compounds which often leave toxic traces in the lungs and other organs. 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